EXISTENTIALISM

Modernization Theory (Adelman)

• An interpretive model that seeks to explain " change over time " 

 - Earth is always spinning from time to time therefore humans are required to keep abreast of the times in order not to fall behind with the other demands inevitably must be lived according to the time.

Premodern Culture : Characteristics

• Stable or same never cahnge
• Local (close)
• Paternalistic hierarchy in both family and society
• Absence of specialized roles
• Family and community woven together with respect to labor, leisure, and religion
• Dependence on manual labor/muscle power
• Cyclic time : past, present, and future are same
• Ritual flows through the entire experience of culture, explaining the meaning of life 
• No boundaries between secular and religious life 
• No boundaries between work and leisure (free)
• Prevailing attitude is one of acceptance or resignation
• Repetition is encouraged
• Dyamic
• Cosmopolitan
• Functional social structure : conforms to shifting politics and economics 
• Highly specialized 
• Family and community divided by socio-economic status, job, etc
• Technological 
• Linear time : minutes are mortal
• Belief that we are rational 
• Separation between church and state
• Boundaries between work and leisure
• Desire for change and the belief that it can be achieved through the application of rational analysis

Premodern and Modern Sport

Premodern

• Organization : Nonexistent or informal, Arranged directly or indirectly 
• Rules : Simple, unwritten, based on local customs/ traditions
• Competition : locally meaningful
• Roles : losse distinction among player/spectators
• Public information : limited, local, oral
• Stats/records : Nonexistent, perhaps anecdot

Modern

• Organization : Formal, Differentiated at local, regional, national levels
• Rules : Formal, standard, written, rational and overseen by organization
• Competition : national and international
• Roles-specialists : distinction between players/spectators
• Public information : Regular : in local and national mediums 
• Stats/records : Kept regularly, important measures of achievement

Industrialization/Urbanization

• Another paradigm to understand change in sport over time
• Views one's leisure activities dependent on living pattern
• Availability of lots of people makes possible team games 

Definition Sport, play, game

• Sport : sport comes from the latin "disportare" or deportare in italy language "deporte" which means fun, so sport can be interpreted human activities to entertain themselves while maintaining physical.
• Play : play is any physical or intellectual activity of non-utilitarian and autotelik,can be either spontaneous or organized (game). So it can be concluded that the play is a physical activity that is done for its own sake, but don't have benefits.
• Games : games are play activities that have explicit rules or lack of communication and the sequence is essentially "over" each time the game is played.

Classical Western Philosophies

• The mind/body relationship determines much of what is taught and how it is taught in physical education.
• Platonic dualism and descartes rationalism : have them share the same view that the mind and body are separate and distinct entities.

From Dualism to Monism

• Twentieth century philosophies try to reconcile mind and body
• Monist philosophies : view humans as an intelegrated whole

Twentieth Century Monistic Philosophy

Pragmatism-one of first to reject dualism 

• Pragmatists argue that experience, and therefore the body, is where one begins to come to know reality
• Pragmatists also argue that man is an embodied entity (mind and body are integrated)

Existentialism

• Soren Kierkegaard (1813-1855) : Argued for existence of God, Religion useless if we "reason" our way back to God.
• Three stages of life experience : Aesthetic, Ethical, Religious.
• Some progress through stages, others remain in first stage forever
• Third stage is superior
• All three stages reflect the attempt to win salvation and achieve satisfaction or "life's greatest good"

Phenomenology

• Emphasize epistemology :

1. Body accesses world / knowledge (instrument)
2. Body has inherent meaning
3. Body is not enemy of reason/mind

• Emphasizes experience :

1. Meaning not explained by mind or senses alone 

Phenomenology and Existentialism

• Both promote subjective experiences that enhance life 
• Promote movement and experiences within 
• Experience is where one comes to know reality 

What is the science of psychology?

Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes.

3 key terms in this definition :

• Science : psychology uses systematic methods to observe human behavior and draw conclusion. 
• Behavior : everything we do that can be directly observed.
• Mental Processes : the thoughts, feeling, and motives that each of us experiences privately but that cannot be observed directly.

What are the major specialties in the field of psychology?

• Clinical psychology
• Psychology PIO
• Social psychology
• Educational psychology
• Developmental psychology
• Forensic psychology, etc

Where do psychologists work?

• Clinical psychology
• Psychology PIO
• Social psychology
• Educational psychology
• Developmental psychology 
• Forensic psychology

Disarikan dari sumber :
1. Diambil tanggal 10 Maret 2014, disarikan dari Blog Amrank Berachunk, 30 Januari 2012, pengertian dan sejarah olahraga, http://berachunk-amrank.blogspot.com/2012/01/pengertian-dan-sejarah-olahraga.html
2. Diambil pada tanggal 10 Maret 2014, disarikan dari Slide share, 30 Oktober 2012,  Filsafat Manusia, http://www.slideshare.net/nuzulLaa/Filsafat-manusia